S&T

Diffusion and mass transfer play a critical role in the performance and stability of materials. Gases and vapors interact with surfaces, altering both the external interface and the internal bulk composition.

The ability to precisely monitor these diffusion processes is essential for evaluating key properties such as product lifespan and material exchange efficiency.

Permeability and vapor uptake are of significant interest across a wide range of industries, including packaging, pharmaceuticals, membrane technology, food, and cosmetics.

Pharmaceuticals

Blister packaging systems often serve as a primary barrier against vapors and liquids for moisture-sensitive products, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry.

These blister packaging systems can exhibit significant differences in barrier properties compared to their raw, unformed polymer film counterparts due to localized defects or stresses introduced during the forming process.

The diffusion and permeability performance of these materials can be studied, measured, and evaluated in detail using Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) techniques.

Application Note 12: Absolute Measurement of Moisture Diffusion into Blister Packaging Systems. [Request a copy]

Food

Analyzing the diffusion and permeation of moisture through real-world packaging materials is critical to the development of food packaging solutions.

A common requirement for food packaging systems is to minimize moisture loss during long-term storage in order to extend product shelf life.

Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) techniques can be used to rapidly assess the kinetics of moisture loss, enabling prediction of material stability.

Application Note 07: Measurement of Diffusion of Liquids and Vapors Through Real Polymer Tube Packaging Devices. [Request a copy]

Microelectronics

The microelectronics industry is continuously developing devices that are more powerful, reliable, and cost-effective.

One of the critical features of these devices is the packaging system that protects against physical damage and environmental degradation.

In high-cost, high-reliability fields such as avionics and defense, hermetically sealed packages are preferred. However, more cost-effective solutions are required for consumer and industrial applications.

A common packaging method currently in widespread use involves encapsulating the device and interconnection system with a thermosettable polymer resin.

These packaging materials can be analyzed and studied using Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) techniques, even under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions.

Application Note 31: Measurement of Moisture Ingress in Microelectronics Device Packaging. [Request a copy]

Polymers and Packaging

Moisture diffusion in thin polymer films is a highly important factor in packaging materials and membrane technology.

The diffusion equations used to calculate the diffusion constants of thin films were first introduced by Crank and Park.

In Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) instruments, thin film samples are suspended, and sorption kinetics are recorded in a standard manner through a series of relative humidity steps. DVS is a highly valuable analytical technique for measuring isotherms in polymers.

Application Note 30: Calculation of Diffusion Constants in Thin Polymer Films using DVS. [Request a copy]

Membranes

Vapor permeability plays a critical role in porous materials, including those used in membrane technology. Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR) measurements are typically performed under isothermal conditions.

MVTR represents the rate at which moisture permeates through a test sample into a container headspace maintained at a relative humidity differential (ΔRH).

Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) is a proven analytical technique for measuring the MVTR of porous materials. DVS offers high mass resolution and excellent baseline stability, enabling rapid and accurate measurement of water sorption isotherms and diffusion kinetics across a wide range of temperature and humidity conditions.

Application Note 52: Vapor Permeability of Porous Materials using Payne Diffusion Cell. [Request a copy]

Personal Care Products

The permeability and diffusion rates of various personal care products must be measured under a range of conditions in order to evaluate key product characteristics.

For example, the efficacy of skin creams can be assessed by monitoring Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) or moisture flux, which indicates how effectively the product acts as an occlusive barrier.

When combined with a DVS instrument, the Payne Diffusion Cell becomes a highly valuable tool for measuring TEWL and moisture flux in skincare products.

Application Note 56: Measuring TEWL or Moisture Flux Across Artificial Skin. [Request a copy]

Diffusion and mass transfer play a critical role in the performance and stability of materials. Gases and vapors interact with surfaces, altering both the external interface and the internal bulk composition.

The ability to precisely monitor these diffusion processes is essential for evaluating key properties such as product lifespan and material exchange efficiency. Permeability and vapor uptake are of significant interest across a wide range of industries, including packaging, pharmaceuticals, membrane technology, food, and cosmetics.

Pharmaceuticals

Blister packaging systems often serve as a primary barrier against vapors and liquids for moisture-sensitive products, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry. These blister packaging systems can exhibit significant differences in barrier properties compared to their raw, unformed polymer film counterparts due to localized defects or stresses introduced during the forming process.

The diffusion and permeability performance of these materials can be studied, measured, and evaluated in detail using Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) techniques.

Application Note 12: Absolute Measurement of Moisture Diffusion into Blister Packaging Systems. [Request a copy]

Food

Analyzing the diffusion and permeation of moisture through real-world packaging materials is critical to the development of food packaging solutions. A common requirement for food packaging systems is to minimize moisture loss during long-term storage in order to extend product shelf life. Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) techniques can be used to rapidly assess the kinetics of moisture loss, enabling prediction of material stability.

Application Note 07: Measurement of Diffusion of Liquids and Vapors Through Real Polymer Tube Packaging Devices. [Request a copy]

Microelectronics

The microelectronics industry is continuously developing devices that are more powerful, reliable, and cost-effective. One of the critical features of these devices is the packaging system that protects against physical damage and environmental degradation.

In high-cost, high-reliability fields such as avionics and defense, hermetically sealed packages are preferred. However, more cost-effective solutions are required for consumer and industrial applications.

A common packaging method currently in widespread use involves encapsulating the device and interconnection system with a thermosettable polymer resin. These packaging materials can be analyzed and studied using Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) techniques, even under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions.

Application Note 31: Measurement of Moisture Ingress in Microelectronics Device Packaging. [Request a copy]

Polymers and Packaging

Moisture diffusion in thin polymer films is a highly important factor in packaging materials and membrane technology. The diffusion equations used to calculate the diffusion constants of thin films were first introduced by Crank and Park.

In Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) instruments, thin film samples are suspended, and sorption kinetics are recorded in a standard manner through a series of relative humidity steps. DVS is a highly valuable analytical technique for measuring isotherms in polymers.

Application Note 30: Calculation of Diffusion Constants in Thin Polymer Films using DVS. [Request a copy]

Membranes

Vapor permeability plays a critical role in porous materials, including those used in membrane technology. Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR) measurements are typically performed under isothermal conditions.

MVTR represents the rate at which moisture permeates through a test sample into a container headspace maintained at a relative humidity differential (ΔRH). Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) is a proven analytical technique for measuring the MVTR of porous materials. DVS offers high mass resolution and excellent baseline stability, enabling rapid and accurate measurement of water sorption isotherms and diffusion kinetics across a wide range of temperature and humidity conditions.

Application Note 52: Vapor Permeability of Porous Materials using Payne Diffusion Cell. [Request a copy]

Personal Care Products

The permeability and diffusion rates of various personal care products must be measured under a range of conditions in order to evaluate key product characteristics. For example, the efficacy of skin creams can be assessed by monitoring Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) or moisture flux, which indicates how effectively the product acts as an occlusive barrier.

When combined with a DVS instrument, the Payne Diffusion Cell becomes a highly valuable tool for measuring TEWL and moisture flux in skincare products.

Application Note 56: Measuring TEWL or Moisture Flux Across Artificial Skin. [Request a copy]